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- NATION, Page 19Helping Moscow See the Light
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- Intent on a unified Germany within NATO, Washington and Bonn
- seek a formula -- and a price tag -- to satisfy the Soviets
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- As German unification barrels down the express track, one
- thing might slow it: Moscow's ever louder refusal to
- countenance one Germany in NATO. Last week's summit underscored
- the Soviet Union's deep wariness of its former enemy and its
- difficulty digesting the fact that East Germans will wind up
- in the Western military alliance. At the same time, Washington
- and Bonn agree that the unified Germany must remain firmly
- entrenched in NATO.
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- Despite considerable posturing on the issue by both George
- Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev, it is increasingly evident that the
- solution lies not just with Washington and Moscow but also with
- a West German government that is ever more willing to use its
- diplomatic and economic muscle. Neutrality is completely out
- of the question, say West German officials, and they will no
- longer seriously consider the so-called French option:
- membership in the political alliance but withdrawal from its
- military side. Despite repeated expressions of Soviet
- resistance, the government of West German Chancellor Helmut
- Kohl is confident that Gorbachev will eventually come around.
- "The question of Germany's military status as a member of NATO
- will appear in a new light for the Soviet Union," predicts West
- German Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher.
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- To help Moscow see that light, Kohl has been energetically
- pursuing private bilateral dealings with the Soviets, along
- with formal negotiations. At last month's Two-plus-Four
- negotiations -- the unification talks involving the two
- Germanys and the four Allied victors of World War II -- Kohl
- huddled with Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze. In
- the most dramatic move, Kohl's top foreign policy adviser, Horst
- Teltschik, was dispatched to Moscow last month for
- consultations -- a trip that Kohl tried to keep secret not only
- from Washington but also from Genscher, a sometime political
- rival.
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- Many foreign policy experts are convinced that Moscow will
- negotiate furiously for economic and security assurances before
- approving unification. Germany can offer technology, loans and
- credits that would give a crucial boost to the disintegrating
- Soviet economy. For its part, Bonn is quick to deny it is
- trying to appease Soviet military fears with purely economic
- payoffs. Instead officials talk of weaving a web of mutual
- understanding, where both sides would benefit economically and
- politically. Though Washington would welcome any arrangement
- that makes the Kremlin more amenable, it is also likely to have
- misgivings about the possibility of a burgeoning German-Soviet
- concord that leaves the U.S. on the sidelines.
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- American officials caution that money alone will not allay
- Moscow's anxieties. At the summit the Soviets repeated their
- call for a replacement for both NATO and the Warsaw Pact: a
- vaguely defined "Greater European Council," which would be part
- of the 35-nation Conference on Security and Cooperation in
- Europe. Said Soviet Foreign Ministry spokesman Gennadi
- Gerasimov: "We want a united Germany to be integrated into an
- all-European system."
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- Neither Bonn nor Washington considers that a serious option.
- Instead they are searching for ways to satisfy Soviet security
- concerns. The West Germans have won U.S. support for a promise
- to keep NATO troops out of the former territory of East
- Germany. In addition, they have proposed that some of the
- 380,000 Soviet troops stationed there could remain during a
- transition period of up to seven years, with unified Germany
- footing the bill.
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- The Soviets have pressed further for an agreement to cap the
- size of the German armed forces, the Bundeswehr, a proposal
- that Bonn has resisted so far. But while Kohl holds many of the
- cards, Gorbachev is not without a few of his own. For one, he
- has threatened simply to leave Soviet troops in East Germany
- if his concerns are not met. More subtly, he could appeal to
- German public opinion, as he has done successfully in the past.
- Many Germans are weary of the U.S. military presence on their
- soil, and Gorbachev could propose that future NATO membership
- be conditioned upon withdrawal of American as well as Soviet
- troops and upon removal of all nuclear weapons from German
- soil. With national elections scheduled for December, the
- voters might drive Kohl's Christian Democratic Party to accept
- such a proposal.
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- The aim of extracting the maximum concessions from Bonn is
- likely to encourage Gorbachev to drag his feet on unification.
- Certainly he was too skilled a politician to make compromises
- in the highly visible arena of last week's superpower summit.
- "It is not here that the German question will be settled," he
- said in Washington. No doubt the leaders in Bonn would agree.
- They intend to see that it is settled in Germany.
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- By Richard Lacayo. Reported by James O. Jackson/Bonn and Bruce
- van Voorst/Washington.
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